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05 ¹ØÁ٠ģ ´Ü¾îÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀ» °í¸£½Ã¿À.
When a nurse holds a bias toward her patients, she may provide substandard care.
¨ç sophisticated
¨è considerate
¨é temporary
¨ê conventional
¨ë insufficient
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2023Çг⵵ ±âÃâ 13¹ø
Left to their own devices, most children won¡¯t hesitate to, say, lick a doorknob or wipe snot with their sleeve. But is there any truth to the idea that their ¨ç distaste for getting dirty can be beneficial to their health? That theory dates to the 1800s, when European doctors realized that farmers suffered fewer allergies than city slickers. However, it didn¡¯t gain widespread attention until 1989, when British epidemiologist David Strachan discovered that youngsters with older siblings were less susceptible than other kids to hay fever and eczema. Strachan suggested that early childhood infections ¡°transmitted by unhygienic contact¡± helped ¨è foster a robust immune system. His theory, called the hygiene hypothesis, provides a ¨é convenient explanation for why allergies and asthma, as well as autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis and Crohn¡¯s disease, have increased 300 percent or more in the U.S. since the 1950s. Maybe Western societies have become too clean for their own good, and parents too ¨ê fearful of a little dirt. ¡°Whatever it is that¡¯s happening in the modern world, it¡¯s causing the immune system to be ¨ë active when it doesn¡¯t need to be,¡± says microbiologist Graham Rook of University College London.
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1¹øÀÇ ¾ÕºÎºÐÀ» º¸¸é ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ ´õ·¯¿öÁö´Â °ÍÀ» ¼±È£ÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ ³ª¿À´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ³»¿ëÀ» µÞ ¹®Àå¿¡¼ ¡®their distaste for getting dirty¡¯·Î Áý¾à½Ãŵ´Ï´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ distaste´Â Çø¿À°¨À» ¶æÇϴ ǥÇöÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »ó½Ä¼±¿¡¼´Â ´õ·¯¿öÁö´Â °ÍÀ» Çø¿ÀÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, Áö¹® ¼Ó ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÇ ÇൿÀº ´õ·¯¿î °ÍÀ» Çø¿ÀÇÏ´Â ÇൿÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï±â¿¡, distaste´Â ¿ø·¡ÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ¹ÝÀǾ µé¾î°£ ÄÉÀ̽º·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
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23-24 Á¦¸ñ
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If an epidemic is particularly fierce or prolonged (like the Black Death), a great number of people who were weak will die, leaving the resistant survivors to repopulate their communities.
When an epidemic hits a population, there will be individuals in that population who have genetic mutations that make them more naturally resistant to infection. ( ¨ç ) Upon facing exposure to the pathogen, they will be more likely to survive than their normal, nonmutant counterparts. ( ¨è ) After many generations of such ¡°weeding out,¡± the new surviving population will have a much higher frequency of individuals with the mutation than did the original, pre-epidemic population. ( ¨é ) As a result, they will be more genetically prepared if that epidemic were to ever hit again. ( ¨ê ) Therefore, an epidemic can act as a selective pressure that triggers a change in the genetic profile of a population over time. ( ¨ë ) In other words, it can promote human evolution.
* epidemic: Àü¿°º´ ** pathogen: º´¿ø±Õ
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